Who cares about the public sphere?

This article offers the first empirical and cross-national analysis of citizens’ views about democratic importance public sphere. We identify three normative functions that spheres are expected to perform in representative democracies: they provide voice alternative perspectives, empower citizens criticise political authorities disseminate information on matters interest. then argue develop differentiated these functions, depending (1) their ability influence decisions through debate, (2) extent which voice, critique address problems particularly care about. Drawing Wave 6 European Social Survey, statistical indicates most countries consider sphere very important for democracy, especially its role as a supplier reliable information. However, certain groups tend more different aspects More educated likely assign greater all functions. Members cultural sexual minorities emphasise giving while dissatisfied with government prioritise criticism access Finally, spheres, differences based education minority status wider, satisfaction disappear. These findings support claim when can effectively decision making debate or addresses them. Moreover, our results indicate see some core comparable free fair elections rule law. The thus advances an empirically grounded defence centrality democracy.